叶蛋白专用打浆机的研究

从提取叶蛋白专用打浆机的特殊要求出发，提出叶蛋白专用打浆机的工作原理，研制了９ＤＹ－５０型叶蛋白专用打浆机，通过试验分析得出了生产率与功耗的计算公式     

Analysis of Characters and Germplasm of Significance to Improvement of Australian Native Waratahs (Telopea spp., family Proteaceae) for Cut Flower Production

Waratahs (Telopea spp.) are cultivated for their blooms for the international cut flower market. A morphometric study was conducted on a range of cultivated waratah varieties to determine the variability of selected characters of horticultural importance and which parents might be of value in future breeding programs. Univariate analysis of characters of 13 cultivars revealed the greatest range of variation in number of flowers, bract dimensions, flower colour and leaf margin type. Differences were observed between number of flowers per inflorescence in the T. speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br. group of accessions and the other species cultivars; interspecific cultivars with T. mongaensis, Cheel and T. oreades F. Muell. were intermediate, with a similar pattern observed in bract length and width. Multivariate analysis (canonical variate analysis – CVA) discriminated between waratah cultivars on the basis of flower colour (first axis), then flower number, bract length, leaf width and leaf margin type (axis 2). The third axis also separated leaf width, the fourth leaf length and width, and the fifth leaf apex shape, CVA was also used to explore the genetic contribution of three parent T. speciosissima cultivars to hybrid populations. Hybrids with ‘Sunflare’, ‘Sunburst’ or ‘Wirrimbirra White’ as one parent were very dispersed indicating the range of inheritance of the observed phenotypic characters, leading to the possibility of selecting individuals with the required degree of character inheritance. It was demonstrated that the Telopea speciosissima type, which forms the basis of the waratah cut flower industry, may be improved by hybridising with other Telopea species. The application of the results to the development of waratah breeding programs is discussed.     

Detection of adult-plant resistance to Puccinia triticina in a collection of wild Triticum species

Three hundred and fifty three Triticum accessions, several also classified as Aegilops and comprising 13 diploid, tetraploid or hexaploid species, were screened for seedling and adult-plant resistance to Puccinia triticina Eriks. using a mixture of pathotypes UVPrt2, 3, 9 and 13. Seedlings were spray-inoculated with a suspension of freshly collected urediospores in distilled water containing Tween 20^® seven days after planting. Infection types (ITs) were scored 10 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.). Fully expanded flag leaves were inoculated and ITs and leaf rust severity were scored 16 d.p.i. One hundred and eighty two of the accessions were resistant to moderately resistant in the adult stage, whereas 126 were resistant or moderately resistant as seedlings to the pathotype mixture. Hypersensitive adult-plant resistance was particularly apparent in lines of T. timopheevii, T. sharonense, T. longissimum, T. searsii and T. turgidum. In T. turgidum, which comprised 272 accessions, approximately 44% of the adult plants were resistant to moderately resistant compared to 28% of the seedlings. The expression of these adult-plant resistances varied between hypersensitive flecking of flag leaves, and small pustules commonly associated with chlorosis and/or necrosis of leaf tissue. Partial resistance, expressed by small pustules without any apparent chlorosis, was observed in species such as T. tauschii, T. turgidum ssp. durum and T. turgidum ssp. pyramidale.     

Do plant species encourage soil biota that specialise in the rapid decomposition of their litter?

Plants are often nutrient limited and soil organisms are important in mediating nutrient availability to plants. Thus, there may be a selective advantage to plants that alter the soil community in ways that enhance the decomposition of their litter and, hence, their ability to access nutrients. We incubated litter from three tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus and Picea sitchensis) in the presence of biota extracted from soil beneath a stand of each species to test the hypothesis that litter decomposes fastest in the presence of biota derived from soil where that species is locally abundant. We found that respiration rate, a measure of decomposer activity and carbon mineralisation, was affected by litter type and source of soil biota, whereas, mass loss was only affected by litter type. However, litter from each tree species did not decompose faster in the presence of indigenous soil biota. These findings, therefore, provide no support for the notion that woodland plants encourage the development of soil communities that rapidly decompose their litter.     

甜高粱田间去叶装置的初步试验

研制的甜高粱田间去叶装置,可安装在收割机前,利用拖拉机液压升降系统压力油为动力,通过液压马达驱动橡胶弹性剥指高速回转,剥去甜高粱叶。试验表明,采用这种弹性剥指去叶装置,可在茎秆切断前,于机械化收割同时在田间去叶,去叶率较高。液压传动型式简化了结构,解决了总体布置的难度,有利于在生产中应用。     

温室黄瓜叶面积扩展与光合特性对土壤水分的响应研究

温室盆栽试验研究土壤水分对黄瓜叶面积扩展与光合特性的影响结果表明,黄瓜叶片扩展经历了指数生长(EG)、线性生长(LSG)和稳定生长(SCG)3个阶段。随土壤含水量的增加,叶面积(LA)显著增大,叶片生长速率(LGR)的最大值明显提前。叶片相对扩展速率(RER)在指数生长阶段迅速增加,但在线性生长和稳定生长阶段则逐渐减小。土壤含水量显著影响了叶片的扩展和光合特性。叶片生长进程中,叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)逐渐增加,处理间差异明显,不同水分处理的叶片净光合速率日变化均表现为单峰曲线,其表观量子效率(AQY)、羧化效率(CE)具有显著差异。     

华北平原冬小麦相对蒸散与叶面积指数及表层土壤含水量的关系

冬小麦相对蒸散(农田蒸散量ET与自由水面蒸发量ET_0之比)表征冬小麦受土壤水分和作物生长状况制约下的耗水规律。冬小麦生长季利用大型蒸渗仪测定农田蒸散,用E601型水面蒸发器测定水面蒸发,并用平行观测方法测定叶面积指数,分析冬小麦相对蒸散与叶面积指数和表层土壤含水量的关系,并建立了冬小麦返青～收获期相对蒸散与叶面积指数和0～60cm表层土壤含水量的经验公式为。在田间条件下由RE和ET_0推算出小麦耗水量ET,并可用于冬小麦适时、适量灌溉管理。     

Fragmentation of leaf litter by a natural population of the millipede Julus scandinavius (Latzel 1884)

Summary The rate and degree of fragmentation of leaf litter by Julus scandinavius in a Sycamore/ash wood in Cheshire, England, were determined from the ratio of surface area of the leaf diet consumed by all individuals of each instar during the period when they were present on the surface area of leaf materials in the faecal pellets. Generally, the rate of fragmentation of leaf litter decreased in the series young instars sexed immature instars mature instars. The total degree of increase in the fragmentation of leaf litter by the population was 72×10⁶.     

不同间伐方式对密植苹果园生理生态的影响

为了选择最适宜黄土高原成龄‘红富士’苹果郁闭园采用的间伐方式,本文以18年生‘红富士’苹果树为试验材料,研究了隔行间伐(T1)、隔株间伐(T2)、隔2伐1(T3)等3种间伐方式对‘红富士’果园光照分布、叶片质量、叶片结构、果实分布、品质、产量及效益等的影响。结果表明:与未间伐对照(CK)相比,T1、T2和T3间伐方式株间透光率分别提高108.59%、191.98%和57.45%,行间透光率分别提高259.20%、220.11%和64.86%,冠下透光率分别提高102.80%、155.32%和37.43%,树冠光合有效辐射分别提高38.02%、45.18%和18.43%,单果重分别提高25.03%、34.83%和9.81%,着色指数分别提高6.00%、6.26%和3.30%,可溶性糖含量分别提高35.98%、39.14%和22.98%,果皮花青苷含量分别提高104.41%、101.47%和30.88%,可滴定酸含量分别降低15.38%、23.08%和17.95%。间伐有效改善了叶片的质量与结构,T1和T2显著提高了叶片的厚度、叶绿素含量、氮含量和钾含量;T2提高叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量的幅度最大;T2的叶片栅栏组织较其他处理的排列更整齐紧密。T1、T2及T3每公顷产量分别下降7 601.89 kg、5 219.45 kg及6 056.80 kg,但其产值分别增加14 959.54元、34 363.70元及9 081.13元,T2增加幅度最大,是郁闭果园改造的首选间伐方式。     

Microbial biomass dynamics during the decomposition of leaf litter of poplar and eucalyptus in a sandy loam

Soil microbiological properties during decomposition of leaf litter of poplar (Populus deltoides) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) were studied under laboratory conditions. Microbial biomass C and ninhydrin-N were measured at different intervals up to 90 days following incorporation of poplar and eucalyptus leaves separately @ 20 and 100t ha^-1. In general, the net increase in total biomass C or ninhydrin N following amendment was larger in the soils which received poplar leaves than in the soils that received eucalyptus leaves. The amounts of biomass C, at day 90, in the soils which received eucalyptus leaves @ 20 and 100 t ha^-1 was about half and one-third, respectively, that of the soils that received poplar leaves at the same rates. Similarly, the field soils naturally receiving eucalyptus leaf litter contained about half the amounts of biomass C or ninhydrin N of the soils that received poplar leaf litter. In contrast, the amounts of organic C and total N were more in soils which received eucalyptus leaves both in the laboratory experiment and under field conditions than in the soils that received poplar leaves, indicating that the decomposition of eucalyptus leaves in soils was slower than that of poplar leaves. The ratio of biomass C/soil organic C in soils receiving eucalyptus leaves was about 2–4 times lower than those in soils with no admendment or soils receiving poplar leaves. These results, therefore, suggest that the allelochemicals released into soil during decomposition of eucalyptus leaves had a toxic effect on soil microorganisms and may thus affect the nutrient cycling and hence soil fertility.